Knowledge Transfer and Problem Solving

Transfer of knowledge also known as transfer of learning is a notion that refers to the ease of performance of new tasks owing to previous exposure to a similar situation or a situation that shares similar characteristics to the current one. In this regard it is generally expected that mastery of one cognitive skill will influence another related one.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Transfer and Problem Solving specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By the end of the 19th century various views on transfer had emerged. Key among these views was the Doctrine of Formal Discipline (Ormrod, 2004). This doctrine explained improvement in mental power using the correlation that exists between physical activity and muscle power. It was held that cognitive function could be improved by mental exercise. Study of subjects regarded as difficult was therefore, expected to improve learning of simpler subjects. Other influen tial views on this area are the associations approach and the meaning theory. The associations approach asserted that problem solving is achieved through a quick mental trial and error. In this context thinking is a process in which all possible solutions to a problem are mentally tried until one that is appropriate is identified. The identical elements theory gives further insight to this approach (Schunk, 2012). The theory advances that transfer can only occur when the new task and learned task share identical elements. The identical elements are thought to be stimulus-response pairs. Transfer of a skill increases with increase in the number of identical elements. It can therefore, be said that transfer is functionally related to similarity and difference between stimuli and responses in an original and a transfer task. Gestalt approach and meaning theory presume that thinking is a process of relating a problem situation to another resulting in understanding (Ormrod, 2004). In suc h a scenario a transfer is achieved by reorganizing ideas to gain an insight into the problem to be solved. Two forms of transfer emerge from these approaches; the near transfer and the far transfer. Near transfer denotes a transfer process in which there is overlap between situations. That is, the original and the transfer situations are analogous. For example, learning how to drive a saloon car and transferring that to acquiring skills necessary to drive a truck.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In far transfer there is little overlap between situations. For example, learning problem solving in school and later using knowledge gained to solve problems outside the classroom setting. Mechanisms of transfer Two mechanisms of transfer exist. They are the procedural overlap and scheme-based transfer. Procedural overlap transfer is of the view that production sequences gained during train ing are applicable in performing a new task. A greater overlap in the required productions results in greater the transfer. This kind of transfer is applicable to skills that have recurrent sequences. Scheme-based transfer is applicable to situations that require an understanding of the problem before a solution is developed. During learning and practice, cognitive schemata are acquired. These acquired schemes provide knowledge necessary for understanding the new problem situation. Difference between experts and novices in problem solving Though experts and novices may both achieve a desirable result to a problem, the way they go about it is different. Novices and experts perceive and understand stimuli differently. When solving problems experts can recognize patterns and connections that are not immediately evident to novices. The experts can therefore, arrive at a solution faster than novices. Experts are also able to filter information faster. Experts often notice the relevant in formation and separate it from irrelevant information. It is this attribute that helps experts act quickly in situations that require quick and useful responses to avert a danger. Experts are flexible and highly adaptable to different situations. Experts are able to vary their methods of learning and practice with ease as compared to novices who may have difficulty doing this. This enables the expert to come up with new solutions to a problem. Flexibility is important in problem solving especially when a new challenge is encountered. Teaching adults problem solving skills The approaches used to teach adults problem solving skills are not very different from those used when teaching children. Adults can be taught problem solving skills using the problem solving process. This process has three major steps namely; representing the problem, solution search and implementation of the solution.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Transfer and Problem Solving sp ecifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, for adults contextual learning is important (Ormrod, 2004). Adults should be taught with special emphasis laid on context. Examples used should be those that one is likely to encounter in real life situations. The examples should be real and properly put in the right context. References Ormrod, J. E. (2004). Human learning (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson. Schunk, D.H. (2012). Learning theories: an educational perspective (6th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon (Pearson Education). This essay on Knowledge Transfer and Problem Solving was written and submitted by user Giselle H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Future of TV essays

Future of TV essays 1. The Future Of Terrestrial Television. 2. Cable Television. 2.1 The history of Cable Television. 2.2 The advantages of having a large cable network. 2.3 The possibilities of combining telecommunication and television networks. 3.1 British Telecom and its interactive services. 4.1 What is Interactive Television. 4.2 What technology is needed for Interactive Television. 4.3 How the interactive signal is transmitted. 4.4 The cost of Interactive Television. 1 The Future Of Terrestrial Television The future of television is very much in the hands of remarkable advancements in digital technology and the entrepreneurs who see the profit to be made from this recent progress. In the search for higher definition programme formats to give us large, crisp, sharp images with less apparent line structure, digital television has been leading the way for the last three years. High Definition Television or HDTV will fulfil all these requirements, with the receiver using around twice as many lines on screen as the standard 625 we are used to in our living rooms. The wide-screen, razor sharp images with crystal clear sound offered on HDTV broadcasts require the transmission of vast amounts of data, thus necessitating large bandwidth requirements. In fact HDTV operates between 20-22MHz ;a staggering four times the bandwidth of our current 5.5MHz PAL system. Yet this is not a problem, because of the recent technological advances in signal compression. Replacing the analogue waves of television today are digital data transmission systems which would integrate a number of broadcasting services into a single broadcasting wave. Having said all of this, HDTV has a lot of problems, the main one being that it is not cost effective. To gain control of the market, it will have to replace a massive 750 million television sets world-wide. Equally, the high bandwi...

Innovation in History Impact and Change How Gunpowder Revolutionized Essay

Innovation in History Impact and Change How Gunpowder Revolutionized Warfare - Essay Example Although being a low explosive, gunpowder burns rapidly without outside air. In a confined space like the barrel of a gun, the gases build up enough pressure to push the bullet or shell out of the muzzle with high velocity. The gunpowder does not explode like high explosives such as TNT and dynamite. Gunpowder has played its main part in revolutionizing warfare and military thinking. Cannons, muskets, rockets and bombs powered by the black gunpowder removed all weapons and forces that were before them. Apart from playing its role as a weapon, it brought a tremendous boon in civil engineering. It made the development of Quarrying, cathedral foundations and roadways easier. And changed the way the engineers thought about major earth moving constructions. Gunpowder has been used in various fields including mining, military, naval warfare's and as a smokeless powder in propellants which provide higher energy density and lack of smoke. It was used as an igniter to charge the propellant in large guns. In comparison with World War 1 when less sensitive explosions were used; World War 2 saw a drastic change when flash emitted from gunpowder was used to temporary blind the ship crews. Various flash suppressors were created and mixed with the powder, which was formed into grains for small guns and into pellets for the larger guns. Before the invention of gunpowder peop... In between A.D 850-1000 Chinese first invented and used the gunpowder. "The sort of universal belief has been given to China or India, the credit of being the birthplace of this destructive compound" (Anderson, 1862). Gunpowder was bought to Europe after 1200; its formula was found in a letter from Francis Bacon to Pope Clement IV in 1267 A.D. Then by 1275 chemist Albertus Magnus described its formula. Bacon with amazing accuracy predicted and described the formula. He was considered the alchemist of his time; he did series of experiments with saltpeter, charcoal and other elements from nature until he arrived at the right composition of all the 3 ingredients; charcoal, saltpeter and sulfur to give gunpowder. His formula included 75% saltpeter, 10% sulfur and 15% carbon. It was after a century when German Friar Berthold Schwartz found out that Bacons experiment could be used as a weapon. Gunpowder's impact on medieval warfare The impact of gunpowder for the medieval army changes the warfare for all times. It brought the beginning of cannon and firearms which revolutionized the way people fought battles. The commander had to reform the ideas on how the war had to be fought and the military leaders that that properly recognized the use of firearms were successful. The archaic stones of the old age could not stand against iron and brass artillery cannons; lowly peasants could gun down well trained and disciplined knights of noble blood and as a result the mighty medieval horsemen's role was changed forever. Gunpowder became a mighty asset in the battlefield and its psychological impact was that the judgment criteria for hiring soldiers had to be changed. "One thing is for certain though: the impact of gunpowder on medieval warfare was profound, and its introduction